Oj, Pomacea stamträdet blev helt uppfuckad. Skickar den på nytt

Oj, Pomacea stamträdet blev helt uppfuckad. Skickar den på nytt

Synonyms for Pomacea (Perry 1810) are Ampullarius (Lamarck 1799) and Conchylium (Cuvier 1816).
The New World genus Pomacea inhabits a large geographical area from the southern of the USA to the La Plata Bassin in Argentina.
Taxonomy
Over 100 species are described in the genus Pomacea since 1758. However, the validity of many species is doubtfull and in reality the number of species is much lower. The problem with the taxonomy in Pomacea is thea most species descriptions are based on only a few shells, without a decent detailed anatomical study to descriminate between species. Also the authors often did not take in account the geographical distribution and possible variability within on a single species. A good example of this is the [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] complex: over 30 species have been described, while nowadays, they are all considered to be varieties of a single species, eventually with 4 sub-species.
Many authors attempted to reduce the number valid species and tried to reclassify similar species into single species. At present, about 50 nominal species are known, but even this number is likely higher than the actuall number in the field. The inevitable question here is: "How do you define a species?". In the old-style conchology, it was not uncommon to classify every variation as a new species. This completely neglects species variability and genetic relationships.
Current insights in genetics, evolution and species variability require an new approach in which new techniques are used to address the classification of the Pomacea genus. This implies the use of DNA and chromosome studies, comparing internal morphology, interbreeding experiments, immunological test and a more statistical based analysis of available data.
The newest insights reduce the number of actuall species and subdivides the Pomacea genus in two sub-genera: Pomacea (pomacea) and Pomacea (effusa). Within the two subgenera, several groups are recognized, consisting of species that are very similar and might eventually turn out to be a single species. Below is an overview of the new classification of the Pomacea genus. Keep in mind that this is a hypothesis and is subject to changes. Even further reduction could be possible within the Pomacea (pomacea) canaliculata group (doliodes could well be a synonym for lineata)
Genussub-genusSpecies or species complexPomaceaeffusaglauca complexPomacea (effusa) [COLOR=#810081]glauca[/COLOR] (Linné, 1758) Pomacea (effusa) [COLOR=#810081]cumingi[/COLOR](Reeve, 1843) pomaceacanaliculata complexPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]canaliculata[/COLOR] (Lamarck, 1819) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]insularum[/COLOR] (D'Orbigny, 1839) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827) Pomacea (pomacea) doliodes (Reeve, 1856) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]haustrum[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1856) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]gigas / maculata[/COLOR] (Perry, 1810) flagellata complexPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] (Say, 1827) Pomacea (pomacea) livescens (Reeve, 1856) Pomacea (pomacea) erogata (Fisher & Crosse, 1890) Pomacea (pomacea) dysoni (Hanley, 1854) bridgesii complexPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#810081]bridgesii[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1856) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#810081]scalaris[/COLOR] (D'Orbigny, 1835) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]columellaris[/COLOR] (Gould, 1848) Pomacea (Pomacea) decussate (Moricand) Pomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829) Pomacea ([I]pomacea[/I]) catamarcensis (Sowerby, 1874) Pomacea ([I]pomacea[/I]) [COLOR=#0000ff]cyclostoma[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827) Pomacea (pomacea) papyracea (Spix, 1827) Pomacea (pomacea) hanleyi (Reeve, 1856) Pomacea ([I]pomacea[/I]) [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] (Müller, 1774)
For a good review article about the taxonomy of the Pomacea canaliculata groups, check out this reference:
[LIST]
[*]CAZZANIGA, N. J. 2002. Old species and new concepts in the taxonomy of Pomacea (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae). Biocell, 26(1): 71-81.
Full article on-line available: [[COLOR=#0000ff]Click here[/COLOR]][/LIST]Want to identify an apple snail of the Pomacea genus?
There is no complete identification guide available in the [COLOR=#0000ff]literature[/COLOR].
Keep in mind that many species described, might be different forms of a single species. Many descriptions of species are based solely on only a few, empty shells. Colour, banding and [COLOR=#810081]shell[/COLOR] surface ([COLOR=#0000ff]rough, smooth[/COLOR] etc.) are no good identification points as these might vary a lot within a single species. An example of this variation of shell colour can be seen at the [COLOR=#0000ff]Pomacea canaliculata[/COLOR] pictures. The height of the spine/body whorl isn't a reliable determinant (especially when having only a few snails available) either as this can differ as well within one species.
For the snails of the Pomacea canaliculata group, it's quite hard to distinguish the species as the external differences are subtle and the variation within species is high. A possible way do distinguish these snails is the colour of the eggs*:
SpeciesEgg colourPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]canaliculata[/COLOR] (Lamarck, 1819)Bright orangePomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]insularum[/COLOR] (D'Orbigny, 1839)PinkPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)PinkPomacea (pomacea) doliodes (Reeve, 1856)PinkPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]haustrum[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1856)GreenPomacea (pomacea) [COLOR=#0000ff]gigas / maculata[/COLOR] (Perry, 1810)Green
* This is based on reported egg colours, and it could well be that even the egg colour varies withing one species. Also the food composition, the development stage of the eggs and the humidity of the air can affect the egg colour.

Species according the 'old' classification system:
Synonyms are marked light-grey, doubtfull and uncertain species are marked grey. [LIST]
[*]Pomacea amazonica (Reeve, 1856) synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]haustrum[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea aulanieri (Hupé, 1856)
[*]Pomacea auriformis (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea australis = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]bridgesii[/COLOR]
[*]Pomacea avellana (Sowerby, 1909)
[*]Pomacea baeri (Dautzenberg, 1901)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]bridgesii [/COLOR](Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea bulla (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea buxea (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]canaliculata[/COLOR] (Lamarck, 1819)
[*]Pomacea castelloi (Sowerby, 1894)
[*]Pomacea catamacensis (Sowerby, 1874)
[*]Pomacea cerasum (Hanley)
[*]Pomacea cingulata (Philippi, 1852)
[*]Pomacea citreum (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]columellaris[/COLOR] (Gould, 1848)
[*]Pomacea conoldea (Martens, 1899)
[*]Pomacea cornucopia (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea costaricana (Martens, 1899)
[*]Pomacea cousini (Jousseaume, 1877)
[*]Pomacea crassa (Swainson, 1823)
[*]Pomacea crosseana (Hildago, 1871) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]maculata[/COLOR] (Perry, 1810)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]cumingi[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1843)
[*]Pomacea cuprina (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]gluaca[/COLOR] (Linné, 1758)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]cyclostoma[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea da costae (Sowerby, 1909)
[*]Pomacea decussata (Moricand)
[*]Pomacea dolioides (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea d'orbignyana (Philippi, 1852) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]canaliculata[/COLOR] (Lamarck, 1819)
[*]Pomacea electrina (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea erogata (Crosse & Fisher, 1890) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] erogata (Crosse & Fisher, 1890)
[*]Pomacea erronea (Nevill, 1877)
[*]Pomacea erythrostoma (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819)
[*]Pomacea eumicra (Crosse & Fisher, 1890) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827)
[*]Pomacea exigua (Philippi, 1852)
[*]Pomacea eximia (Dunker, 1853)
[*]Pomacea expansa (Miller, 1879)
[*]Pomacea figula (Spix, 1827) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827)livescens (Reeve, 1856)erogata (Fisher & Crosse, 1890)dysoni (Hanley, 1854)
[*]Pomacea ghiesbreghti (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] livescens (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea gigas (Spix, 1827) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]maculata[/COLOR] (Perry, 1810)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]glauca[/COLOR] (Linné, 1758)
[*]Pomacea gossei (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea granulosa (Sowerby, 1894)
[*]Pomacea guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]haustrum[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea hanleyi (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea hepataria (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea hopetonensis (Lea, 1839) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea immersa (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]haustrum[/COLOR] (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea impervia (Philippi, 1852)
[*]Pomacea innexa (Crosse & Fisher, 1890) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]insularum[/COLOR] (D'Orbigny, 1839)
[*]Pomacea interrupta (Sowerby, 1909)
[*]Pomacea labiosa (Koch) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827)
[*]Pomacea lattrei (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea levior (Sowerby, 1909) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea lymnaeformis (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]aulanieri[/COLOR] (Hupé, 1856)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]maculata[/COLOR] (Perry, 1810)
[*]Pomacea martinezi (Hidalgo, 1866) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]columellaris[/COLOR] (Gould, 1948)
[*]Pomacea metcalfei (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea miamensis (Pilsbry, 1899) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea modesta (V. d. Busch, 1859)
[*]Pomacea monachus (Crosse & Fisher, 1890) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827).
[*]Pomacea nais (Pain, 1949) (could be a synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR])
[*]Pomacea nigrilabris (Philippi, 1851) synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]sordida[/COLOR] (Swainson, 1822)
[*]Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] (Müller, 1774)
[*]Pomacea notabilis (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea novaegranadae (V. d. Busch, 1859)
[*]Pomacea oblonga (Swainson, 1820-23) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] urceus (Müller, 1774).
[*]Pomacea olivacea (Spix, 1827) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] olivacea (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea oviformis (Deshayes)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea papyracea (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea pealeana (Lea, 1838)
[*]Pomacea pernabucensis (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea pertusa (Sowerby, 1894) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]castelloi[/COLOR] (Sowerby, 1894)
[*]Pomacea petiti (Crosse, 1890) = synonym for Pomacea Asolene [COLOR=#0000ff]petiti[/COLOR] (Crosse, 1891)
[*]Pomacea physis (Hupé, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea physoides (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea pinei (Dall) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea platae (Maton, 1809) = synonym for Asolene platae (Lamarck)
[*]Pomacea producta (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea pulchra (Gray)
[*]Pomacea puncticulata (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819)
[*]Pomacea puntaplaya (Cousin, 1887)
[*]Pomacea purpurascens (Guppy, 1864)
[*]Pomacea quercina (Spix, 1927) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] yatesi (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea quinquidensis (Miller)
[*]Pomacea reyeri (Cousin, 1887)
[*]Pomacea robusta (Philippi, 1852) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]columellaris[/COLOR] (Gould, 1948)
[*]Pomacea rotundata (Say) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]paludosa[/COLOR] (Say, 1829)
[*]Pomacea rufilineata (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]scalaris[/COLOR] (D'Orbigny, 1835)
[*]Pomacea schrammi (Crosse, 1876)
[*]Pomacea semitecta (Mousson, 1873)
[*]Pomacea simplex (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea sinamarina (Bruguière)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]sordida[/COLOR] (Swainson, 1822)
[*]Pomacea storeria (Jay, 1839)
[*]Pomacea strebeli (Martens) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827)
[*]Pomacea swainsoni (Philippi, 1851)
[*]Pomacea tamsiana (Philippi, 1852)
[*]Pomacea tenuissima (Jousseaume, 1894)
[*]Pomacea testudinea (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]lineata[/COLOR] (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea trochulus (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] urceus (Müller, 1774)guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819). yatesi (Reeve, 1856)olivacea (Spix, 1827)
[*]Pomacea violacea (Valenciennes, 1833) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#810081]flagellata[/COLOR] flagellata (Say, 1827)
[*]Pomacea yatesi (Reeve, 1856) = synonym for Pomacea [COLOR=#0000ff]urceus[/COLOR] yatesi (Reeve, 1856)
[*]Pomacea zischkai (Blume & Pain, 1952)
[*]Pomacea zonata (Spix, 1827)[/LIST]